پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 53 (زمستان 1388)

Iran has experienced vast variation of exchange rate and its destructive effects during The last twenty years. Also, recently most of investors, importers and banks have sustained losses because of extreme increase of Euro price and fluctuations of other exchanges. Also, it seems that Iranian investors, beside the return criterion do not consider risk criterion so much, or that they do not pay enough attention to it as an important criterion for investment. So in this paper, we present a set of interobjectives of risk and return trade-offs along with an analysis of Iranian Sepah Bank investment in an allocated exchange portfolio and use of credit approach of Weighted Global Criterion (WGC) with assumption P = 2, ∞ to optimize the model of bi-criterion and we will present that this method is better than utility function method of Markowitz. Also, the results explain that bi-criterion model is consistent with Iranian exchange investment policy (based on fewer concentrations on USA Dollar).

Globalization and the quick and deep evolution in the structures of world communication, bloc formation in the world during the recent half century, make it essential to search for a new definition of efficient and effective collaborations in relationships and regional cooperations and formation of developmental strategies in South West of Asia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the success of probable regional bloc for Iran in south west Asia. This study uses Gravity Model to make a pattern to estimate trade effects. By using of this model (econometrics and Panel Data Model), the changes in trade among the included countries and among these countries and other countries in the world during 1995-2006 were investigated. The results of the study showed that the trade potential of Iran and economic integration of the countries include in the regional bloc of south west Asia in bilateral trade was 61 percent which showed that the integration of this bloc was positive and weak and stated that the amounts of the current bilateral trade among them were increased. Also the estimation of this model without Iran showed that the formation of the regional bloc will increase the trade among the members of the bloc, the amount of which is 71%.

Standard plays a critical role in today’s life and its importance is increasing in different aspects of our day to day life. However standardization process and the use of the public interests of standard conflict with the private interests of intellectual property rights owners, in particular patent owners. The mentioned conflict makes this question that how does the conflict arise and what is the solution. Since standardization has been studied mainly in economics, there are no significant and deep legal studies on the relation between IPRs and standardization and the conflict between them. Therefore, this article surveys this relationship and considers the situation of the topic in Iranian Law.

Tender pricing has especial importance to bidders and is one the difficult activities for them. Tender pricing is a complex process and engaging risk and its complexities lead to disappointing bidders from scientific pricing. In pricing process, bidders are facing risk factors as an uncontrollable variable. Significant attendance of several stochastic variables in the process lead to deterministic evaluation being unusable for offer price. In this paper, tender pricing and management of its risk has been examined. This paper with conceptual approach, will analysis the philosophy of tender pricing theoretically. Hence, winning distribution function has been developed based on Tender holder preferences for each offer prices according to normalized prices. There is ability to estimate winning probability for each price by using this function. After that by using some decision making techniques and carry out qualify analysis, offer price will be determined. Finally a case study has been carried out based on developed model and the result of model application described.

This research has examined effects of corruption on economic growth in the broad sample of countries from 1996 to 2006. Financial corruption usually defined as an abuse of public authority to gain personal interests. Economics theoretical literature presents a dual view about relation between corruption and economic growth. Tthe first branch the economic theory claims that corruption can increas economic growth (particularly in less developed countries) through overcoming rigid and inefficient laws and regulations imposed by government. On the other hand some theories argue that corruption decreases economic growth by harming the suitable performance of markets. This paper has examined the effects of financial corruption on the economic growth in three groups including low income countries, middle income countries and high income countries. To estimate our econometric model we have used panel data technique and to measure the amount of corruption we have used control of corruption index prepared by World Bank institute. Although in the middle and high income countries, control of corruption has a positive and significant effect on economic growth, in the low income countries this relation is negative and strongly significant.

The purpose of all commercial banks is to collect the savings of legal and real persons and allocate them as credit to industrial, services and production companies. Non repayment of such credits cause many problems to the banks such as incapability to repay the central bank's loans, increasing the amount of credit allocations comparing to credit repayment and incapability to allocate more credits to customers. The importance of credit allocation in Banking Industry and its important role in economic growth and Employment creation leads the development of many models to evaluate the credit risk of applicants. But many of these models are classic and are incapable to do credit evaluation completely and efficiently. Therefore the demand to use Artificial Intelligence in this field has grown up. In this paper, after providing appropriate credit ranking model and collecting expert's knowledge, we design a hybrid intelligent system and fuzzy hybrid inteligence system for credit ranking using Neuo-fuzzy reasoning- transformational models. Expert system as symbolic module and Artificial Neural Network as Non-Symbolic module are components of this hybrid system research. Such models provide the unique features of each components, the reasoning and explanation of expert system and the generalization and adaptability of artificial neural networks. The results of this system demonstrate that hybrid intelligence system is more accurate and powerful in credit ranking comparing to Expert Systems.

This survey seeks examining the effects of relationship marketing tactics on buying behaviour in service sectors. Research resuls show that choice of relationship marketing tactics can affects customer behavior. This study tests a model in the context of the effects of relationship marketing tactics on buying behaviour. The research group (population) includes all customers of Maxim retail store in Tehran province. By the use of a voluntary sampling method, 90 customers have been selected as the research sample. we used Lisrel software for testing the model. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between relationship marketing tactics (communication, preferential treatment and personalization) and customer retention orientation of the retailer, there isn’t a positive relationship between rewarding tactic and customer retention orientation of the retailer. Also the results indicate that relationship marketing tactics can positively affect relationship satisfaction, trust, relationship commitment and buying behavior. This study can help retail stores to use more effective relationship marketing tactics and also assesses these tactics.

The role of brands, branding and technical ingredient of the Web site in the new economy that is characterized by digitalization and globalization is attracting considerable attention. The today companies are being integrated through every element of the business, including its Web site; this campaign therefore presents a useful opportunity to analyse the contribution of the Internet channel to brand building. This article explores the importance of brand messages through a Web site, taking one of the leading brands, Cultural Institutes, as a case study. In this article analysis is conducted on two levels: first, how the Web site elements are enlisted to reinforce brand messages, and further explore opportunities that the Internet offers for both e-service and brick service companies for building customer relationships and communities, and also assist marketing planners in the development of successful internet based branding strategies.